{"id":124,"date":"2026-05-15T05:32:43","date_gmt":"2026-05-15T05:32:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/?p=124"},"modified":"2026-05-31T16:20:53","modified_gmt":"2026-05-31T16:20:53","slug":"cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Cisco IPT Media, SRST, DSP farm and transcoder configuration Interview QnA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\"><strong>Cisco DSP farm and transcoder configuration Interview QnA<\/strong> &#8211; Welcome back to our Cisco IPT interview series. In <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-ipt-interview-questions-answers\/\"><strong><span class=\"\">Article 1<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span class=\"\">\u00a0we covered clustering and basic dial plans. In\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-gatekeeper-isdn-interview-questions\/\"><strong><span class=\"\">Article 2<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span class=\"\">\u00a0we explored gatekeepers, ISDN, and numbering plans. Now, we focus on the physical heart of voice processing \u2013\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), media resources, and survivability<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">These\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">Cisco DSP farm and transcoder configuration<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0questions are exactly what you will face in a CCIE lab or a senior engineer interview. Let\u2019s get started.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#Part_1_Hardware_Transcoders_%E2%80%93_Types_and_Session_Counts_Q_101%E2%80%93110\" >Part 1: Hardware Transcoders \u2013 Types and Session Counts (Q 101\u2013110)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#101_What_is_a_transcoder_in_Cisco_IP_Telephony\" >101. What is a transcoder in Cisco IP Telephony?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#102_What_are_the_main_hardware_transcoder_types_in_Cisco_gateways\" >102. What are the main hardware transcoder types in Cisco gateways?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#103_What_are_the_transcoding_session_limits_for_NM-HDV_per_PVDM\" >103. What are the transcoding session limits for NM-HDV (per PVDM)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#104_What_are_the_transcoding_session_limits_for_NM-HD_Enhanced\" >104. What are the transcoding session limits for NM-HD (Enhanced)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#105_What_are_the_transcoding_session_limits_for_NM-HDV2_newer\" >105. What are the transcoding session limits for NM-HDV2 (newer)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#106_What_is_the_WS-SVC-CMM_Communication_Media_Module\" >106. What is the WS-SVC-CMM (Communication Media Module)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#107_Scenario_You_need_100_G711_to_G729_transcoding_sessions_Which_hardware_do_you_choose\" >107. Scenario: You need 100 G.711 to G.729 transcoding sessions. Which hardware do you choose?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#108_What_is_the_difference_between_transcoder_and_MTP_in_terms_of_functionality\" >108. What is the difference between transcoder and MTP in terms of functionality?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#109_Scenario_You_have_an_MRG_containing_both_MTPs_and_transcoders_Which_gets_used_first\" >109. Scenario: You have an MRG containing both MTPs and transcoders. Which gets used first?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#110_How_does_CUCM_load-share_across_transcoders_in_the_same_MRG\" >110. How does CUCM load-share across transcoders in the same MRG?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#Part_2_Software_Conference_Bridges_and_DSP_Farm_Commands_Q_111%E2%80%93120\" >Part 2: Software Conference Bridges and DSP Farm Commands (Q 111\u2013120)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#111_What_is_a_software_conference_bridge\" >111. What is a software conference bridge?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#112_Scenario_Can_you_have_a_conference_bridge_without_DSPs\" >112. Scenario: Can you have a conference bridge without DSPs?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#113_What_are_the_limitations_of_software_conference_bridges\" >113. What are the limitations of software conference bridges?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#114_What_is_the_sccp_local_command\" >114. What is the\u00a0sccp local\u00a0command?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#115_What_is_the_dspfarm_command\" >115. What is the\u00a0dspfarm\u00a0command?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#116_How_do_you_set_maximum_transcoding_sessions_on_a_DSP_farm\" >116. How do you set maximum transcoding sessions on a DSP farm?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#117_How_do_you_set_maximum_conference_bridge_sessions_on_a_DSP_farm\" >117. How do you set maximum conference bridge sessions on a DSP farm?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#118_What_is_the_show_dspfarm_command_used_for\" >118. What is the\u00a0show dspfarm\u00a0command used for?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#119_Scenario_Your_transcoder_does_not_register_with_CUCM_What_do_you_check\" >119. Scenario: Your transcoder does not register with CUCM. What do you check?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#120_What_is_the_Annunciator_ANN_control\" >120. What is the Annunciator (ANN) control?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#Part_3_Media_Resources_%E2%80%93_MOH_Unicast_CFB_Regions_Q_121%E2%80%93130\" >Part 3: Media Resources \u2013 MOH, Unicast CFB, Regions (Q 121\u2013130)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#121_What_is_Music_on_Hold_MOH_%E2%80%93_unicast_vs_multicast\" >121. What is Music on Hold (MOH) \u2013 unicast vs multicast?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#122_How_does_a_Unicast_Conference_Bridge_CFB_work\" >122. How does a Unicast Conference Bridge (CFB) work?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#123_What_is_a_Media_Resource_Group_MRG\" >123. What is a Media Resource Group (MRG)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#124_What_is_a_Media_Resource_Group_List_MRGL\" >124. What is a Media Resource Group List (MRGL)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#125_Scenario_All_media_resources_belong_to_the_default_MRG_What_happens\" >125. Scenario: All media resources belong to the default MRG. What happens?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#126_What_is_the_Region_link_loss_type_Low_Loss_vs_Lossy\" >126. What is the Region link loss type (Low Loss vs Lossy)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#127_Scenario_You_have_a_satellite_office_with_800ms_RTT_Which_link_loss_type_should_you_configure\" >127. Scenario: You have a satellite office with 800ms RTT. Which link loss type should you configure?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#128_What_are_RSVP-enabled_locations_in_CUCM\" >128. What are RSVP-enabled locations in CUCM?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#129_How_do_Regions_and_Locations_work_together\" >129. How do Regions and Locations work together?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#130_Scenario_You_want_G711_for_internal_calls_but_G729_for_calls_to_the_WAN_How\" >130. Scenario: You want G.711 for internal calls but G.729 for calls to the WAN. How?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#Part_4_SRST_Configuration_and_MGCP_Fallback_Q_131%E2%80%93140\" >Part 4: SRST Configuration and MGCP Fallback (Q 131\u2013140)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#131_What_is_SRST_Survivable_Remote_Site_Telephony\" >131. What is SRST (Survivable Remote Site Telephony)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#132_What_are_the_steps_to_configure_SRST_call-manager-fallback_method\" >132. What are the steps to configure SRST (call-manager-fallback method)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#133_What_is_the_difference_between_max-ephones_and_max-dn_in_SRST\" >133. What is the difference between\u00a0max-ephones\u00a0and\u00a0max-dn\u00a0in SRST?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#134_Scenario_SRST_is_configured_but_phones_do_not_fall_back_when_WAN_fails\" >134. Scenario: SRST is configured but phones do not fall back when WAN fails.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#135_What_is_MGCP_fallback_How_do_you_configure_it\" >135. What is MGCP fallback? How do you configure it?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#136_Scenario_After_reload_isdn_bind-l3_ccm-manager_disappears_from_config_Why\" >136. Scenario: After reload,\u00a0isdn bind-l3 ccm-manager\u00a0disappears from config. Why?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#137_What_is_the_difference_between_CME_as_SRST_and_call-manager-fallback\" >137. What is the difference between CME as SRST and call-manager-fallback?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#138_How_do_you_verify_SRST_status_on_a_phone\" >138. How do you verify SRST status on a phone?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#139_Can_SRST_support_SIP_phones_How\" >139. Can SRST support SIP phones? How?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#140_Scenario_You_have_100_phones_at_a_branch_What_SRST_platform_do_you_need\" >140. Scenario: You have 100 phones at a branch. What SRST platform do you need?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#Part_5_Echo_Cancellation_ISDN_Reference_Points_and_BRI_Q_141%E2%80%93150\" >Part 5: Echo Cancellation, ISDN Reference Points, and BRI (Q 141\u2013150)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#141_Why_does_ISDN_BRI_need_echo_cancellation_but_PRI_does_not\" >141. Why does ISDN BRI need echo cancellation but PRI does not?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#142_How_does_echo_cancellation_work_on_a_BRI_circuit_Voltage_example\" >142. How does echo cancellation work on a BRI circuit? (Voltage example)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#143_What_is_the_U_interface_reference_point\" >143. What is the U interface (reference point)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#144_What_are_the_S_and_T_reference_points\" >144. What are the S and T reference points?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#145_What_is_an_NT1_What_is_an_NT2\" >145. What is an NT1? What is an NT2?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#146_What_is_TE1_vs_TE2_vs_TA\" >146. What is TE1 vs TE2 vs TA?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#147_Scenario_You_buy_a_router_in_the_US_with_a_built-in_BRI_port_Is_it_U_or_ST\" >147. Scenario: You buy a router in the US with a built-in BRI port. Is it U or S\/T?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#148_How_do_you_verify_echo_cancellation_is_working_on_a_BRI_interface\" >148. How do you verify echo cancellation is working on a BRI interface?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#149_What_is_the_difference_between_I430_and_I431\" >149. What is the difference between I.430 and I.431?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#150_Final_Scenario_A_remote_branch_has_BRI_ISDN_for_voice_Users_complain_of_echo_during_calls_WAN_is_fine_What_do_you_do\" >150. Final Scenario: A remote branch has BRI ISDN for voice. Users complain of echo during calls. WAN is fine. What do you do?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/techgyan360.com\/blog\/cisco-dsp-farm-transcoder-srst-interview-questions\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_1_Hardware_Transcoders_%E2%80%93_Types_and_Session_Counts_Q_101%E2%80%93110\"><\/span><span class=\"\">Part 1: Hardware Transcoders \u2013 Types and Session Counts (Q 101\u2013110)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"101_What_is_a_transcoder_in_Cisco_IP_Telephony\"><\/span><span class=\"\">101. What is a transcoder in Cisco IP Telephony?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">A transcoder converts a voice stream from one codec to another (e.g., G.711 on LAN to G.729 on WAN). It also provides MTP (Media Termination Point) capabilities automatically.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"102_What_are_the_main_hardware_transcoder_types_in_Cisco_gateways\"><\/span><span class=\"\">102. What are the main hardware transcoder types in Cisco gateways?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Three main types:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Cisco Media Termination Point Hardware<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Catalyst 4000 WS-X4604-GWY, Catalyst 6000 WS-6608-T1\/E1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Cisco IOS Media Termination Point<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 NM-HDV (Network Module High-Density Voice).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Cisco IOS Enhanced Media Termination Point<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 NM-HD and NM-HDV2.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"103_What_are_the_transcoding_session_limits_for_NM-HDV_per_PVDM\"><\/span><span class=\"\">103. What are the transcoding session limits for NM-HDV (per PVDM)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">G.711 to G.729:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">60 sessions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">G.711 to GSM FR\/GSM EFR:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">45 sessions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"104_What_are_the_transcoding_session_limits_for_NM-HD_Enhanced\"><\/span><span class=\"\">104. What are the transcoding session limits for NM-HD (Enhanced)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">G.711 to G.729a\/G.729ab\/GSM FR:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">24 sessions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">G.711 to G.729\/G.729b\/GSM EFR:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">18 sessions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"105_What_are_the_transcoding_session_limits_for_NM-HDV2_newer\"><\/span><span class=\"\">105. What are the transcoding session limits for NM-HDV2 (newer)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">G.711 to G.729a\/G.729ab\/GSM FR:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">128 sessions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">G.711 to G.729\/G.729b\/GSM EFR:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">96 sessions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"106_What_is_the_WS-SVC-CMM_Communication_Media_Module\"><\/span><span class=\"\">106. What is the WS-SVC-CMM (Communication Media Module)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">It is a Catalyst switch service module that provides 64 transcoding sessions per daughter card. Maximum 4 daughter cards =\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">256 sessions<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">. It transcodes between: G.711 a-law\/\u00b5-law, G.729 annex A\/B, G.723.1, GSM FR, GSM EFR.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"107_Scenario_You_need_100_G711_to_G729_transcoding_sessions_Which_hardware_do_you_choose\"><\/span><span class=\"\">107. Scenario: You need 100 G.711 to G.729 transcoding sessions. Which hardware do you choose?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Use NM-HDV2 with 2 PVDMs (128 sessions capacity) or WS-SVC-CMM with two daughter cards (128 sessions). NM-HDV (60 max) is insufficient.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"108_What_is_the_difference_between_transcoder_and_MTP_in_terms_of_functionality\"><\/span><span class=\"\">108. What is the difference between transcoder and MTP in terms of functionality?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">A transcoder\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">includes<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0MTP functionality. If both transcoding and MTP are needed for a call, CUCM allocates a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">transcoder<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(not a separate MTP). If only MTP is needed (same codec), CUCM may allocate an MTP or a transcoder depending on MRGL priority.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"109_Scenario_You_have_an_MRG_containing_both_MTPs_and_transcoders_Which_gets_used_first\"><\/span><span class=\"\">109. Scenario: You have an MRG containing both MTPs and transcoders. Which gets used first?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0The algorithm allocates\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">MTPs first<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0until all MTP resources are exhausted. Only then does it allocate transcoders as MTPs. To force transcoder usage for MTP functions, put transcoders in a higher-priority MRG and MTPs in a lower one.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"110_How_does_CUCM_load-share_across_transcoders_in_the_same_MRG\"><\/span><span class=\"\">110. How does CUCM load-share across transcoders in the same MRG?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">The media resource manager uses a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">pointer<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0that increments to the next device after each allocation. Devices with higher capacity (more sessions) get more calls proportionally, but it is not strictly round-robin. If a device exists in multiple MRGs, pointers for all groups are affected.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_2_Software_Conference_Bridges_and_DSP_Farm_Commands_Q_111%E2%80%93120\"><\/span><span class=\"\">Part 2: Software Conference Bridges and DSP Farm Commands (Q 111\u2013120)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"111_What_is_a_software_conference_bridge\"><\/span><span class=\"\">111. What is a software conference bridge?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">A software unicast conference bridge (part of Cisco IP Voice Media Streaming Application) mixes G.711 audio streams and Cisco Wideband audio. It does\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">not<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0support G.729 mixing.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"112_Scenario_Can_you_have_a_conference_bridge_without_DSPs\"><\/span><span class=\"\">112. Scenario: Can you have a conference bridge without DSPs?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Yes, use a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">software conference bridge<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">. However, all participants must use G.711. If any participant uses G.729, you must insert a transcoder before the conference bridge or use hardware DSP-based conferencing.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"113_What_are_the_limitations_of_software_conference_bridges\"><\/span><span class=\"\">113. What are the limitations of software conference bridges?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Only mixes G.711 and Wideband (no G.729, no GSM, no G.723).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">CPU intensive on the CUCM server.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Number of concurrent conferences depends on server load and other streaming services (MOH, annunciator).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"114_What_is_the_sccp_local_command\"><\/span><span class=\"\">114. What is the\u00a0<\/span><code>sccp local<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0command?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">It selects the local interface that SCCP applications (transcoding and conferencing) use to register with CUCM. Example:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"md-code-block md-code-block-light\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner md-code-block-banner-lite\">\n<div class=\"_121d384\">\n<div class=\"d2a24f03\"><span class=\"d813de27\">text<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre>sccp local FastEthernet0\/0<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Without this, the gateway may use the wrong source IP, causing registration failure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"115_What_is_the_dspfarm_command\"><\/span><span class=\"\">115. What is the\u00a0<\/span><code>dspfarm<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0command?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">The\u00a0<\/span><code>dspfarm<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0command (global configuration mode) enables DSP farm services on NM-HDV or NM-HDV-FARM modules. It must be configured before transcoding or conferencing services work.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"116_How_do_you_set_maximum_transcoding_sessions_on_a_DSP_farm\"><\/span><span class=\"\">116. How do you set maximum transcoding sessions on a DSP farm?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"md-code-block md-code-block-light\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner md-code-block-banner-lite\">\n<div class=\"_121d384\">\n<div class=\"d2a24f03\"><span class=\"d813de27\">text<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre>dspfarm transcoder maximum sessions 12<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">This limits the number of concurrent transcoding sessions on that DSP.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"117_How_do_you_set_maximum_conference_bridge_sessions_on_a_DSP_farm\"><\/span><span class=\"\">117. How do you set maximum conference bridge sessions on a DSP farm?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"md-code-block md-code-block-light\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner md-code-block-banner-lite\">\n<div class=\"_121d384\">\n<div class=\"d2a24f03\"><span class=\"d813de27\">text<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre>dspfarm confbridge maximum sessions 3<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">This allows the DSP to host up to 3 simultaneous conferences.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"118_What_is_the_show_dspfarm_command_used_for\"><\/span><span class=\"\">118. What is the\u00a0<\/span><code>show dspfarm<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0command used for?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">It displays summary information about DSP resources, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Total DSPs available<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Active transcoding\/conference sessions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Registration status with CUCM<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"119_Scenario_Your_transcoder_does_not_register_with_CUCM_What_do_you_check\"><\/span><span class=\"\">119. Scenario: Your transcoder does not register with CUCM. What do you check?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Step 1:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Verify\u00a0<\/span><code>sccp local<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0points to the correct interface reachable by CUCM.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 2:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Verify\u00a0<\/span><code>dspfarm<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0is enabled globally.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 3:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Verify\u00a0<\/span><code>dspfarm transcoder maximum sessions<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0is configured.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 4:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0On CUCM, add the transcoder device with the gateway&#8217;s IP address and correct protocol (SCCP).<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 5:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Check\u00a0<\/span><code>show dspfarm<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0to confirm registration.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"120_What_is_the_Annunciator_ANN_control\"><\/span><span class=\"\">120. What is the Annunciator (ANN) control?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Annunciator is a media resource that plays pre-recorded\u00a0<\/span><code>.wav<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0files (announcements) and tones to IP phones or gateways. It is used for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Call failure reasons (e.g., &#8220;All circuits are busy&#8221;)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">MLPP (Multilevel Precedence Preemption) alerts<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Transfer and conference tones<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Also Check<\/strong> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/tools.kloudmint.com\/aws-cloud-tools\/validate-s3-bucket-policy-permissions.php\">S3 Bucket Policy &amp; Permissions Validator Tool<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_3_Media_Resources_%E2%80%93_MOH_Unicast_CFB_Regions_Q_121%E2%80%93130\"><\/span><span class=\"\">Part 3: Media Resources \u2013 MOH, Unicast CFB, Regions (Q 121\u2013130)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"121_What_is_Music_on_Hold_MOH_%E2%80%93_unicast_vs_multicast\"><\/span><span class=\"\">121. What is Music on Hold (MOH) \u2013 unicast vs multicast?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Unicast MOH:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Each held call receives a separate RTP stream. Uses more bandwidth but works over any network.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Multicast MOH:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0One stream is sent to a multicast group; all held phones join that group. Saves bandwidth but requires multicast routing (PIM) enabled.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"122_How_does_a_Unicast_Conference_Bridge_CFB_work\"><\/span><span class=\"\">122. How does a Unicast Conference Bridge (CFB) work?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">It mixes incoming unicast streams into composite output streams. For example, in a 3-way conference, each participant receives a mix of the other two streams minus their own. The bridge supports ad-hoc and meet-me conferencing.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"123_What_is_a_Media_Resource_Group_MRG\"><\/span><span class=\"\">123. What is a Media Resource Group (MRG)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">A logical grouping of media servers (conference bridges, MTPs, transcoders, MOH servers). You associate an MRG with a geographical location or site.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"124_What_is_a_Media_Resource_Group_List_MRGL\"><\/span><span class=\"\">124. What is a Media Resource Group List (MRGL)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">An ordered list of MRGs. CUCM searches the MRGL in order to find an available media resource. This allows you to prioritize local hardware resources over central or software resources.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"125_Scenario_All_media_resources_belong_to_the_default_MRG_What_happens\"><\/span><span class=\"\">125. Scenario: All media resources belong to the default MRG. What happens?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">If no MRGs are defined, all media resources are in the default group and are available to all CUCM servers in the cluster. This is fine for small deployments but lacks prioritization.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"126_What_is_the_Region_link_loss_type_Low_Loss_vs_Lossy\"><\/span><span class=\"\">126. What is the Region link loss type (Low Loss vs Lossy)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Low Loss:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Used for LAN or high-quality WAN links. No special packet loss concealment.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Lossy:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Used for unreliable links (e.g., satellite, high-latency VPN). CUCM applies more aggressive packet loss concealment.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"127_Scenario_You_have_a_satellite_office_with_800ms_RTT_Which_link_loss_type_should_you_configure\"><\/span><span class=\"\">127. Scenario: You have a satellite office with 800ms RTT. Which link loss type should you configure?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Lossy. High-latency and high-jitter links need lossy treatment to avoid choppy audio.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"128_What_are_RSVP-enabled_locations_in_CUCM\"><\/span><span class=\"\">128. What are RSVP-enabled locations in CUCM?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) allows endpoints to reserve bandwidth before a call is established. Location settings:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">No Reservation<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 No RSVP (default).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Optional<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Call proceeds even if RSVP fails.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Mandatory<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Call fails if RSVP cannot reserve bandwidth.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Optional (Video Desired)<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Video call attempts RSVP; if fails, audio-only proceeds.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Mandatory (Video Desired)<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Video requires RSVP; if fails, call fails.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"129_How_do_Regions_and_Locations_work_together\"><\/span><span class=\"\">129. How do Regions and Locations work together?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Region<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0= which codec (bandwidth per call). Example: G.711 = 80kbps, G.729 = 24kbps.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Location<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0= total bandwidth for all calls. Example: Branch location has 1Mbps total.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"\">CUCM multiplies: (codec bitrate per call) \u00d7 (number of calls) \u2264 Location bandwidth. If exceeded, CAC blocks the call.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"130_Scenario_You_want_G711_for_internal_calls_but_G729_for_calls_to_the_WAN_How\"><\/span><span class=\"\">130. Scenario: You want G.711 for internal calls but G.729 for calls to the WAN. How?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Assign phones at the same site to the same Region \u2013 intra-region codec = G.711. Assign phones at different sites to different Regions \u2013 inter-region codec = G.729.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_4_SRST_Configuration_and_MGCP_Fallback_Q_131%E2%80%93140\"><\/span><span class=\"\">Part 4: SRST Configuration and MGCP Fallback (Q 131\u2013140)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"131_What_is_SRST_Survivable_Remote_Site_Telephony\"><\/span><span class=\"\">131. What is SRST (Survivable Remote Site Telephony)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">SRST is a high availability feature on Cisco IOS routers that provides call survivability to phones at a remote branch when the WAN fails and phones lose connection to CUCM.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"132_What_are_the_steps_to_configure_SRST_call-manager-fallback_method\"><\/span><span class=\"\">132. What are the steps to configure SRST (call-manager-fallback method)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Step 1:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0On CUCM, create an SRST reference (Device \u2192 SRST).<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 2:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Assign the SRST reference to the Device Pool of remote phones.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 3:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Reset phones so they learn the SRST router IP.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Step 4:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0On the remote router, configure:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"md-code-block md-code-block-light\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner md-code-block-banner-lite\">\n<div class=\"_121d384\">\n<div class=\"d2a24f03\"><span class=\"d813de27\">text<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre>call-manager-fallback\r\n ip source-address 10.18.71.1 port 2000\r\n max-ephones 40\r\n max-dn 100 octo-line\r\n system message \"Fallback Mode - CUCM Down\"\r\n voicemail 4999\r\n call-forward busy 4999\r\n call-forward noan 4999 timeout 12<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Step 5:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(Optional) Configure dial peers for call routing during fallback.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"133_What_is_the_difference_between_max-ephones_and_max-dn_in_SRST\"><\/span><span class=\"\">133. What is the difference between\u00a0<\/span><code>max-ephones<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><code>max-dn<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0in SRST?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><code>max-ephones<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Maximum number of SCCP phones that can register with SRST.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><code>max-dn<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Maximum number of directory numbers (extensions) supported.\u00a0<\/span><code>octo-line<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0means each DN supports up to 8 calls (shared lines).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"134_Scenario_SRST_is_configured_but_phones_do_not_fall_back_when_WAN_fails\"><\/span><span class=\"\">134. Scenario: SRST is configured but phones do not fall back when WAN fails.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">SRST reference IP matches the router&#8217;s\u00a0<\/span><code>ip source-address<\/code><span class=\"\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Device pool of phones has the correct SRST reference.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Phones have been reset after SRST reference assignment.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Router has\u00a0<\/span><code>call-manager-fallback<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0configured.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Use\u00a0<\/span><code>show call-manager-fallback<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0on the router to verify status.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"135_What_is_MGCP_fallback_How_do_you_configure_it\"><\/span><span class=\"\">135. What is MGCP fallback? How do you configure it?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">MGCP fallback allows an MGCP gateway to revert to H.323 or SIP when it loses connection to CUCM. Configuration:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"md-code-block md-code-block-light\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner md-code-block-banner-lite\">\n<div class=\"_121d384\">\n<div class=\"d2a24f03\"><span class=\"d813de27\">text<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre>ccm-manager fallback-mgcp<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Without this, the MGCP gateway becomes completely unresponsive during WAN failure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"136_Scenario_After_reload_isdn_bind-l3_ccm-manager_disappears_from_config_Why\"><\/span><span class=\"\">136. Scenario: After reload,\u00a0<\/span><code>isdn bind-l3 ccm-manager<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0disappears from config. Why?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0The command is automatically generated when the controller is configured with\u00a0<\/span><code>pri-group timeslots<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><code>service mgcp<\/code><span class=\"\">. If you manually added it, it may not persist. Re-apply the\u00a0<\/span><code>ccm-manager<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0configuration and ensure\u00a0<\/span><code>pri-group timeslots<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0is correct. Check\u00a0<\/span><code>show ccm-manager<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0for config download errors.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"137_What_is_the_difference_between_CME_as_SRST_and_call-manager-fallback\"><\/span><span class=\"\">137. What is the difference between CME as SRST and call-manager-fallback?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">call-manager-fallback:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0Basic SRST \u2013 limited features, no configuration on the router except fallback.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">CME as SRST:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0You configure a full CME feature set (ephones, ephone-dns, dial peers) that only activates when SRST mode is triggered. Provides more features (e.g., voicemail MWI, transfer, hold) during outage. Requires\u00a0<\/span><code>max-ephone<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0under\u00a0<\/span><code>telephony-service<\/code><span class=\"\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"138_How_do_you_verify_SRST_status_on_a_phone\"><\/span><span class=\"\">138. How do you verify SRST status on a phone?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">On a Cisco IP Phone, navigate to:<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"\">Settings \u2192 Device Configuration \u2192 Unified CM Configuration<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"\">You will see the primary CUCM and the SRST router as the fallback agent.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"139_Can_SRST_support_SIP_phones_How\"><\/span><span class=\"\">139. Can SRST support SIP phones? How?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Yes. Use\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">SIP SRST<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">. Configuration is similar but uses\u00a0<\/span><code>sip-ua<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><code>srst<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0commands under voice register global. Example:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"md-code-block md-code-block-light\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"md-code-block-banner md-code-block-banner-lite\">\n<div class=\"_121d384\">\n<div class=\"d2a24f03\"><span class=\"d813de27\">text<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre>voice register global\r\n mode srst\r\n srst ip-address 10.18.71.1 port 5060<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"140_Scenario_You_have_100_phones_at_a_branch_What_SRST_platform_do_you_need\"><\/span><span class=\"\">140. Scenario: You have 100 phones at a branch. What SRST platform do you need?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">SRST on a Cisco IOS gateway supports up to\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">720 phones<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0depending on platform and memory. Unified CME in SRST mode supports\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">240 phones<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">. For 100 phones, a Cisco 2900 series with adequate memory is fine.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_5_Echo_Cancellation_ISDN_Reference_Points_and_BRI_Q_141%E2%80%93150\"><\/span><span class=\"\">Part 5: Echo Cancellation, ISDN Reference Points, and BRI (Q 141\u2013150)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"141_Why_does_ISDN_BRI_need_echo_cancellation_but_PRI_does_not\"><\/span><span class=\"\">141. Why does ISDN BRI need echo cancellation but PRI does not?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">BRI uses a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">single copper pair<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0for both transmit and receive (2-wire). This creates echo. PRI uses\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">two pairs<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(one for transmit, one for receive) or coaxial cable \u2013 no echo cancellation needed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"142_How_does_echo_cancellation_work_on_a_BRI_circuit_Voltage_example\"><\/span><span class=\"\">142. How does echo cancellation work on a BRI circuit? (Voltage example)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">The echo canceller subtracts its own transmitted signal from the total line voltage.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"\">Example:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Left side transmits +1v.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Right side transmits \u20133v.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Total line voltage = +1 + (\u20133) = \u20132v.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Right side knows it sent \u20133v, so it adds +3v to the total: \u20132v + +3v = +1v.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Result: +1v is what the left side actually sent.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"\">The canceller removes the echo of its own transmission.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"143_What_is_the_U_interface_reference_point\"><\/span><span class=\"\">143. What is the U interface (reference point)?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">The\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">U interface<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(user interface) is the two-wire connection from the service provider&#8217;s Central Office to the customer&#8217;s NT1 (Network Terminator Type 1). Used in North America. It uses an RJ-45 connector.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"144_What_are_the_S_and_T_reference_points\"><\/span><span class=\"\">144. What are the S and T reference points?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">S reference point<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Between the NT2 (smart device like router) and TE1 (ISDN-ready terminal).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">T reference point<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Between NT1 and NT2.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"\">Often combined as\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">S\/T interface<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(4 wires: pins 3,4,5,6). Maximum 8 devices can be on the S\/T bus, but only 2 active at a time. Maximum length = 3000 feet.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"145_What_is_an_NT1_What_is_an_NT2\"><\/span><span class=\"\">145. What is an NT1? What is an NT2?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">NT1<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(Network Terminator Type 1) \u2013 Terminates the U interface (2-wire) and converts to S\/T (4-wire). Provides physical layer termination.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">NT2<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(Network Terminator Type 2) \u2013 Intelligent device (router, PBX) that handles Layer 2 and Layer 3. An\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">NT12<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0combines both functions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"146_What_is_TE1_vs_TE2_vs_TA\"><\/span><span class=\"\">146. What is TE1 vs TE2 vs TA?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">TE1<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(Terminal Equipment Type 1) \u2013 ISDN-ready device (e.g., ISDN phone). Plugs directly into S\/T bus.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">TE2<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(Terminal Equipment Type 2) \u2013 Non-ISDN device (e.g., PC with serial port). Requires a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">TA<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0(Terminal Adapter) to convert signals.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">R reference point<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 Between TE2 and TA.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"147_Scenario_You_buy_a_router_in_the_US_with_a_built-in_BRI_port_Is_it_U_or_ST\"><\/span><span class=\"\">147. Scenario: You buy a router in the US with a built-in BRI port. Is it U or S\/T?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Most US routers have an\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">integrated NT1<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">, so the BRI port is\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">U interface<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">. You can plug the telco line directly into the router. In Europe and other regions, routers typically provide\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">S\/T interface<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0and require an external NT1.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"148_How_do_you_verify_echo_cancellation_is_working_on_a_BRI_interface\"><\/span><span class=\"\">148. How do you verify echo cancellation is working on a BRI interface?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Use\u00a0<\/span><code>show voice port<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0and look for &#8220;Echo Canceller&#8221; status. Also, use\u00a0<\/span><code>test voice port<\/code><span class=\"\">\u00a0commands to run loopback tests. If callers complain about echo, increase echo cancel coverage (e.g.,\u00a0<\/span><code>echo-cancel coverage 32<\/code><span class=\"\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"149_What_is_the_difference_between_I430_and_I431\"><\/span><span class=\"\">149. What is the difference between I.430 and I.431?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">I.430<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 BRI physical layer specification. 48-bit frame transmitted 4000 times\/second = 192 kbps (2B + D = 144 kbps usable; the rest is overhead).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">I.431<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0\u2013 PRI physical layer (T1 = 1.544 Mbps, E1 = 2.048 Mbps).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"150_Final_Scenario_A_remote_branch_has_BRI_ISDN_for_voice_Users_complain_of_echo_during_calls_WAN_is_fine_What_do_you_do\"><\/span><span class=\"\">150. Final Scenario: A remote branch has BRI ISDN for voice. Users complain of echo during calls. WAN is fine. What do you do?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong><span class=\"\">Answer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0BRI uses a single pair, so echo is inherent. Check:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Is echo cancellation enabled on the voice port? (<\/span><code>echo-cancel enable<\/code><span class=\"\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Is the echo canceller coverage appropriate? (default is 16ms; increase to 32ms or 64ms if far-end echo).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Is the line length within 18 kft? Longer loops need mid-span repeaters.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">Check for bridge taps or poor wiring at the customer premises.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span class=\"\">Conclusion<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span class=\"\">These 50\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"\">Cisco DSP farm and transcoder configuration<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"\">\u00a0questions cover hardware transcoder types, DSP registration, SRST setup, MGCP fallback, and ISDN BRI echo cancellation. You now understand how media resources are allocated, how DSPs are configured, and how to keep phones working during a WAN outage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Also Check<\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cisco DSP farm and transcoder configuration Interview QnA &#8211; Welcome back to our Cisco IPT interview series. In Article 1\u00a0we covered clustering and basic dial plans. In\u00a0Article 2\u00a0we explored gatekeepers,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":127,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,14],"tags":[31,21],"class_list":["post-124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cisco-contact-centre-hub","category-interview-questions-and-answers","tag-cisco-ipt-contact-center","tag-cisco-ipt-interview-questions-and-answers"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cisco IPT Media, SRST, DSP farm and transcoder configuration Interview QnA - TechGyan360.Com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Master Cisco DSP farm and transcoder configuration for your IPT interview. 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